A comparison of Francis Bacon and Mary Shelley's views of science as Essay

A comparison of Francis Bacon and Mary Shelley's views of science as expressed in The Sphinx and Frankenstein, respectively - Essay Example Bacon theorized that science is a means to solving two riddles, one being the nature of things and the other the nature of man. His ideas for a way to solve these riddles are very similar to the widely utilized scientific method, believing that matter can be studied and understood by observation, trial, and error (Bacon). Bacon manifests his vision of science in the mythical Sphinx. The Sphinx is a monster with the head and voice of a young woman, the feet of the griffin, and wings of a bird. The creature and her riddles represent the riddles of science and how searching for the answers can either tear apart a man or cause a break through by answering the riddle and subduing the Sphinx, or quenching the man’s immediate thirst for knowledge. The man who finally defeats the Sphinx, a man with high intelligence and clubbed feet, demonstrates the need for patience and taking things slowly when confronting the riddles of science. If a man showed ignorance in the face of science, if he failed to answer the riddle correctly, the Sphinx would rip him apart. The griffin claws of the Sphinx represent the way that the pursuit of answers can take sharp hold in the human mind, effectively ripping it apart if the answers are not found. In the same vein, the face and voice represent the beauty of science and the wings are indicative of how the answers of science spread and fly quickly to the far reaches of the Earth (Bacon). Her riddles originate from the Muses, where the questions are ambiguous and have no emotional subtext. Once the riddles reach the Sphinx, they contain the unbiased cruelty of the pursuits of science, where the questions themselves do not care regarding the havoc they can wreak on those who dare to try to solve them. Bacon has taken an ancient myth and applied it to the mysteries of the universe. Mary Shelley’s view of science relates to Bacon’s in that she also viewed

Bubba Tech Inc Essay Example for Free

Bubba Tech Inc Essay After seven years working, Carson became a certified public accountant and Boone successfully complete a masters egree program in Information System at Southern Methodist University. In 2001, Carson and Boone formed a manufacturing company, Bubba Tech Inc. (BTI) in Austin which is privately owned by them and venture capital firm. Boone becomes chief executive officer (CEO) and Carson become chief financial officer (CFO) in BTI. There was no board of director because the firm has completely confidence in the ability of Carson and Boone. Venture capitalists provide a provision into their agreement where Boone and Carson would received 10% return on their investment for five ears and after company went public they would be repaid the amount of their investment. BTI had hired Randy Burnham ; Co. to audit its financial statement on 31 December 2012 due to their plan to go for public within five years. Burnham completed its audit for that five years in BTI and give unqualified opinion on the audited financial statement. In 2007, BTI decided to go as public. In meeting with Burnhams auditor, Boone ask Clint Strait, the partner who in charge of BTI audit to prepare a list of top operational issues to consider as the company went from being privately held to publicly held corporation. Then, Strait set up a team to proceed. The teams consist of Randy Burnham and Clint Strait itself, Shania Hill (the manager in charge of audit), Faith Twain (who had in charge consulting services engagement for BTI), Garth Chesney (tax department) and Kenny Brook (who responsible for information technology work related to audit of BTI). QUESTION 1 Based on the limited facts of this case, prepare a list of the operational issues to present the top management at BTI. Include in your list any corporate governance issues of importance in relation to the management of BTI after it becomes a public ompany and any issues related to the relationship between BTI and Randy Burnham co. ANSWER: Referring to the case of Bubba Tech, Inc. (BTI), there are several operational issues to be presented to the top management at BTI which concerning the corporate governance and issue related to the relationship between BTI and Randy Burnham Co. The operational issues that can be highlighted are the issue of working with potentially biased audit firm, lack of internal control and lack of corporate governance. The chief financial officer (CFO) of BTI, Willie Carson was once an employee of the Randy Burnham Co. , an accounting tlrm that is currently acting as the auditor tor BTI. The relationship between Carson and the auditors from Randy Burnham Co. may cause a conflict of interest. A conflict of interest is a situation in which private interests or personal considerations could affect or to perceived to affect both Carson and the auditors from Randy Burnham Co. Judgements to act in the best interests of BTI. The relationship of Carson and the auditors may influence the Judgement and the decision relevancy that creates many of the conflict of interest problems in the business. For instance, Carson may ask the auditors favour to conceal the material misstatement found in the financial statement from the venture capital firms knowledge. Objectivity and integrity are essential qualities for employees of any organization. The affected result is not only the unqualified opinions rendered for the audited financial statements for previous years are arguable but also the transparency of every future Judgement and decision is doubtful as BTI is working with an audit firm that potentially biased towards BTI. The second issue that can be highlighted is the lacking of internal control in BTI rganization. One of the best defences against business failure, as well as an important driver of business performance, is having an effective internal control system, which manages risk and enables the creation and preservation of value. A system of internal control refers to the process by which organizations maintain environments that encourage incorruptibility and deter fraudulent activities by management and employees. Based on the fact stated in this case, BTI was privately owned by Carson, Boone, and a venture capital firm where Carson has been appointed as CFO, Boone as CEO and there was no board of directors. Obviously all the decision related to operations, management, and financial are decided by either Carson or Boone, or both of them. There is no other party to question, monitor and evaluate their action. This situation is proving the issue of lacking of internal control in BTI organization. If BTI proceeds with the plan to go public, it should establish a well-tailored, govern, and implemented set of internal control in its organization. Corporate governance is the internal structure of a corporation from its lowest level workers all the way up to its executives. Corporate governance has far-reaching ffects not only for the business itself but for the financial market as a whole. In the case of BTI, the CFO management integrity and the external auditor integrity are questionable as the relationship built between them may cause conflict of interests and fraud. Management integrity, or the moral character of persons of authority, sets the overall tone for the organization. However, managements enforcement of policies is the major indicator of an organizations commitment to a successful internal control system. Unfortunately, was not applied by BTI organization. Another issue that can be raised is the segregation of duties. The absent of board of directors fgure in BTI organization causing so many critical issue as there is no stewardship centre that determining the companys approach to corporate governance, including developing a set of corporate governance principles and guidelines that are specifically applicable to the company . Carson and Boone have the freewill to decide on anything related to the company. Segregation of duties is critical to effective internal control because it reduces the risk of mistakes and inappropriate actions.

Teaching Frederick Douglass in American School Systems Essay -- Freder

Teaching Frederick Douglass in American School Systems With the increasing popularity of educational standards and standardized testing many are beginning to ask, "What is the purpose of education?" Is the goal of education to fill students' minds with a curriculum of facts, or is it to prepare them to be productive members of society? If the answer to this question is the latter of those two, what do they need to know in order to be good citizens and how should that be taught? Tolerance is one issue that educators are leaning towards in their own curriculum. Over the years Americans have made advancements in the area of tolerance, yet there are still some presuppositions that lurk within society. The best way to deal with this issue is to educate people with the truth and provide them with opportunities to see the world through the eyes of one who is oppressed. Frederick Douglass's Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself invites readers into the life of one who is oppressed so that they might s ee of how damaging intolerance is for those who are enslaved by its prejudices as well as those who hold those harsh sentiments. For this very reason Douglass serves as an excellent resource to personalize issues such as these and bring them into an academic light where teachers and students can open their minds to tolerating and defending differences. Douglass's Narrative brings an ugly era of American history to life as it weaves through his personal experiences with slavery, brutality, and escape. Most importantly Douglass reveals the real problem in slavery, which is the destructive nature of intolerance and the need for change. Douglass refers many times to the dehumanizing effects sla... ...s not solely about rote memorization and the three R's or anything else that can be tested with a bubble sheet test. Learning is about growing as a person and gaining meaningful experiences. This is the type of education students receive from Frederick Douglass. Works Cited Caporino, Grace M. and Rose A. Rudnitski. General Guidelines for Teaching about Intolerance and Genocide. Teaching for a Tolerant World. Ed. Judith P. Robertson. Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, 1999. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. 1845, The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003. 2032-2097. Young, Iris Marion. "Five Faces of Oppression." Readings for Diversity and Social Justice. Ed. Adams, M., et. Al. New York: Routledge, 2000.

A Doll’s House: The Subordinate Woman

A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen The Subordinate Woman 4/2/2010 DePauw University Mira Yaseen Mira Yaseen Professor Anthony Comm 214 2 April 2010 A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen The Subordinate Woman In the wake of realism, Ibsen came upon us with an outspoken controversial play that encompassed many realities of the conservative Victorian era. Presenting a genuine image of the societal issues at the time, A Doll House gives us an insight to the world of women in the nineteenth century; it tells us about their struggles and realizations. Nora Helmer’s decision to leave her husband and children to educate and explore herself reflects Ibsen’s hope for a reform in women's role in the society. This necessitates a change in the masculine point of view towards women. Nora’s characteristics pertain to the stereotypical image of the subordinate woman. However, Nora's contradictory actions -such as her spendthrift nature and her attempt to buy the ‘cheapest outfits', and her ineffectuality yet her ability to save her husband's life regardless of her methods- shed light on these characteristics and show that they are products of the patriarchal society's superiority and its expectations and misconceptions of women (Jacobus 660, 668). We first meet Nora as she enters her house after a Christmas shopping spree. We are introduced to Torvald and Nora’s relationship; â€Å"is that my little lark twittering out there? he calls on her, â€Å"Is that my squirrel rummaging around† (Jacobus 663). The first noticeable thing about the relationship is Nora’s inferiority to Torvald. As the interaction continues between Nora and Torvald, her childishness becomes evident. Nora wipes her mouth and puts the macaroons away so that Torvald would not know about them. Later on in the play, when Nora and Torvald finally have th e first serious conversation in their marriage, Nora reveals how her father treated her; â€Å"he used to call me his doll-child† she declares. Obviously, Nora has been pampered her whole life, first by her father and now by Torvald, who treats her the same way, as his doll-wife. This doll-like lifestyle prevented Nora’s maturity and amplified her childishness instead. Therefore, her childishness is a result of the way she was brought up and later treated by her husband. As the audience is introduced to Nora's spoiled nature, it is not surprising to find out that she is a spendthrift. However, this view is challenged once we learn more about Nora's seemingly contradictory behavior. She is depicted as a wastrel from the beginning of the play. As Torvald just got a promotion and a raise, Nora urges him to give her more money for Christmas shopping, â€Å"Oh but Torvald, this year we should really let ourselves go a bit† she argues. She even suggests that he take a loan just so that she can let herself ‘go a bit’ (664). Nonetheless, this image is later contested once we find out that Nora found a way to get money to save her husband’s life, regardless of her unorthodox methods of getting the money. Not only did Nora find a way to get the money, but she was also able to make the payments on time by doing some copying to earn money. Furthermore, Nora is also seen as resourceful and money-smart when she mentions buying the ‘simplest cheapest outfits’ for herself (668). In addition, although Nora might have been shown as a squanderer, she is still trying to pay the debt and might have been nagging Torvald for more money to secretly save up for the loan’s payments. This contradiction in Nora’s actions illustrates society’s low expectation of women which reflects on their personalities. If Nora was given a chance from the beginning she could have excelled. She is only after luxury because this is what the society conditions her to be interested in. It is the life style that both her father and her husband provided her with and expected her to embrace. Thus, it became a self-fulfilling prophecy that did not encourage her to change. The initial image of Nora's personality gradually changes throughout the play from a pampered incapable woman to a seemingly witty and resourceful one. However, her unawareness and inexperience in dealing with situations disadvantage her. We see Nora’s capability in the mere fact that she thought of forging her father’s signature to be able to travel to Italy for treatment. Nora remarks that she could not give the trip up, it â€Å"was to save my husband's life† (672). In spite of that, Torvald considers her helpless and clueless; â€Å"But you think I love you any less for now knowing how to handle your affairs? No, no-just lean on me’ I’ll guide you and teach you. I wouldn’t be a man if this feminine helplessness didn’t make you twice as attractive to me† he protests (688). Nora proves her capability, yet, the novelty of taking charge in a situation complicates it. Nora is not aware of the seriousness of a crime like forgery. She goes further to assume that â€Å"somewhere in the books these things are allowed† (672). Moreover, she acts naively when she reveals to Krogstad earlier in that conversation that she did indeed forge her father’s signature, â€Å"I signed Papa’s name† she admits candidly. She reasons that her father could not sign the papers due to his sickness. Nora thinks that her circumstances justify her actions and does not understand the rigidity of law. This example accentuates the fact that the gender inequality and the inferior position occupied by women in the Victorian era, denied them rights and chances that would have made them more knowledgeable and capable. Education, for example was not the same for both sexes. Women's education was focused on teaching skills that would make them better house wives, like embroidery and sewing, while men's education was geared towards preparing them for their future careers, as they were taught law and languages. Work was almost exclusive to men. Nora points that out and expresses that it is a fulfilling experience for women too. She notes that copying â€Å"was wonderful fun, sitting around and working like that, earning money. It was almost like being a man† (668). If we consider Nora and Torvald an average Victorian couple, I assume that if Nora had the same education her husband did she probably would have understood the strictness of the law and the consequences of forgery. A society that did not understand the importance of educating women created a class of ignorant women who could not take action or responsibility for their actions. Torvald and the audience are not the only ones who see Nora as incompetent, Mrs. Linde, a woman, shares this same view. Nora seems to be very selfish and self-centered. After she learns about Mrs. Linde’s dire circumstances after her husband passed away, she starts rambling about her own life and good fortune. â€Å"I don’t want to be selfish, I want to think only of you today† she say and adds that her husband is getting â€Å"a big salary and lots of commissions. Our lives’ll be so different; we’ll be able to do whatever we want. Oh Kristine, I’m so relieved, so happy. To have no more worries, all one needs, isn’t it wonderful? † (666). Like Torvald, Mrs. Linde thinks Nora is inept. She thinks that Nora â€Å"really knows so little of life's burdens†. Nora is aware of the way other people see her and it aggravates her. We see her frustration when she responds to Mrs. Linde: â€Å"You're just like the others; you all think I'm incapable of anything serious† (667). The words ‘the others' and ‘you all' suggest that Nora has been treated this way by almost everyone, starting with her father, later on her husband, and now her female friend as Jacobus points out: â€Å"She is made of much stronger stuff than anyone has given her credit for† (660). This suggests that Nora has been considered inferior and treated as an incapable individual by the whole society. Ibsen makes sure the viewer and reader think of her as incapable too since her behavior at the beginning supports this conception. Nonetheless, this depiction changes when we find out that Nora has gone to great lengths to save her husband’s life. The fact that Mrs. Linde sees Nora as incapable is a very crucial point; it represents the way women viewed their selves and their abilities. They seem to have had low expectations of themselves; they succumbed to the society's conventions like Nora succumbed to her husband's repression. The society's perceptions shaped theirs as well and that is why a transformation of their role in society at that time was needed. All these contradictions in Nora's character imply that Nora did not have the strong will to overcome the limitations set in front of her by the society and her husband, until the crisis pushes her to make a decision, and leave Torvald and her children. The first audience to watch this play found Nora's reaction preposterous. Nora goes on a mission to discover herself, outside of the doll house. She realizes that what she has been living is not the real world, that she cannot be a good person, wife and mother if she does not know herself. This play does not only send a message about women's rights, equality and society, but it stresses the importance of individuality and self-discovery in the first place. The primary duty of anyone is to find out who they truly are (Jacobus 661). This play can be interpreted in a humane context rather than a feminine one. The stereotype of the inferior, naive, and incapable oman appears throughout the play. We see it in Nora's actions, which are contradictory to what we expect at the beginning. This progression reaches its peak when Nora finally decides to leave and sets on a journey of self-discovery. Her departure highlights the importance of and expresses the hope for a reform of the repressed and inferior status of women in the society, which was caused by the suprema cy of men and the patriarchal society. Works Cited Jacobus, Lee A. The Bedford Introduction to Drama. 6th ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's. Print.

Development Of An Irrigation System In Thailand Environmental Sciences Essay

Subsistence husbandmans in semi waterless parts of Northeastern Thailand face many hazards. Anything from personal unwellness to inclement conditions can direct the husbandmans into debt. This undertaking will measure the H2O demands for farming in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai, and develop a suited program for an irrigation system to run into those demands, therefore enabling the husbandmans to increase their harvest outputs. An irrigation system could increase harvest outputs, cut down the hazard of harvest failure, and perchance let for the add-on of a 2nd crop each twelvemonth. The excess income generated by irrigation to their harvests would assist the husbandmans rise above subsistence agriculture by supplying economic stableness. Our squad will analyse the conditions in the small towns, including field conditions and harvests to measure the state of affairs and find which irrigation system best suits the demands of the villagers. We will besides supply recommendations for a pr ogram for reasonably administering H2O from the system, every bit good as keeping it, both to be overseen by an organisation hand in glove run by the husbandmans. Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai are located in Ubon Ratchathani state, within the sub-district of Nam Khun in Northeastern Thailand. They are 98 kilometres from Ubon City and 600 km nor'-east of Bangkok. Slightly more than half their populations are Catholic, while the remainder are Buddhists. Since Catholics are seen as foreigners in Thailand, a Catholic bulk is highly uncommon in Thailand. There is presently a church in the small towns, which sponsors the Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai Rural Development Program, which attempts to help the villagers in assorted ways. Ubon Ratchathani is both Thailand ‘s easternmost state and the Northeast ‘s most populated state, with a population transcending 1.5 million ( Cummings 554 ) . It covers 15 thousand square kilometres and has a great trade of cultivable land. Though Ubon is located on the Khorat Plateau, which is prone to utmost rhythms of waterlessness and implosion therapy, doing conditions similar to the â€Å" African Savannah † ( Fukui 19 ) , it is still an of import beginning of nutrient for the people of the Northeast. The part ‘s importance as a major provider of nutrient does non insulate them for the tendencies of the national economic system. The recent downswing of the Thai economic system has affected the husbandmans even though they are located in a distant portion of the state. The devaluation of the Baht has made it progressively hard for husbandmans to turn a net income. This is merely one of the many jobs the husbandmans of Nong Dim Dam and Charoen Chai face everyday. The husbandmans are covering with a broad assortment of other jobs including: inconsistent rainfall during the turning season, hapless dirt that lacks H2O and alimentary keeping capablenesss due to its flaxen composing, low H2O tabular array, and diminishing income due to utmost beads in the monetary value of rice ( Lutzky 21 ) . As there is deficient rain during the dry season, from November to April, they are presently limited to turning during the rainy season that extends from May to October. They grow gluey rice for personal ingestion, and sell manioc, maize and jute to gain money for necessities they can non bring forth themselves. This pattern earns the villagers an mean 10,000 Baht per twelvemonth, or $ 253 a twelvemonth. There are a figure of different irrigation systems. The determination of which system to utilize will depend on a figure of factors including: the demands of the husbandmans, harvests grown, field size, capacity, H2O demands for specific harvests, the handiness of H2O, the terrain environing Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai, and the budget and organisation of the villagers. The paper will measure these factors and the effects they will hold on both the feasibleness and creative activity of the chosen irrigation system. To carry through our undertaking, our group will foremost place a beginning of H2O for the irrigation system. No irrigation system can be effectual with out an equal beginning of H2O. We are non likely to happen accessible land H2O, such as lakes streams or pools, due to the geographic location of the small town. Likewise, the small towns ‘ locations atop a tableland well decrease the chance of big organic structures of H2O of course happening within a sensible propinquity of the small towns. Alternate methods to roll up H2O may necessitate to be devised to supply H2O to the irrigation system. Our group will besides measure the H2O demands for each type of harvest to find H2O demands for each field. With GIS function, we will build a elaborate map of field locations, lift and H2O demand. Possibly utilizing H2O shortage planning, our group will reexamine the critical volume of H2O required to do the system cost effectual, and find the feasibleness of an irrigation system. If we determine an irrigation system is executable for the small towns of Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai, our group will do recommendations for an irrigation system and develop a system for care and H2O distribution. It is our hope that, one time this irrigation system is implemented, it will be a major measure for the villagers in their pursuit to travel beyond subsistence agriculture. Table of Contentss Executive Summary I 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 3 2.1 The Ubon Villages 4 2.1.1 Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai 4 2.1.2 Subsistence Farming 5 2.1.3 Catholicity in Thailand 5 2.2 Ubon Ratchathani 6 2.3 Agricultural Economy of Thailand 8 2.4 Agribusiness in Ubon Ratchathani 9 2.5 Irrigation 11 2.5.1 Types of Irrigation Systems 11 2.5.1.1 Sprinkler Irrigation 11 2.5.1.2 Drip Irrigation 12 2.5.1.3 Gravity Irrigation 13 2.5.2 Water Deficit Irrigation 14 2.5.3 Water Sources 14 2.5.4 Cost 15 2.5.5 Factors Affecting the Choice of an Irrigation System 15 2.5.6 Planing for Farmer Control and Maintenance 17 2.6 Concerted Principles 19 3 Methodology 21 3.1 Identify Water Requirements 22 3.2 Identify Water Sources 23 3.3 Develop a Plan for an Irrigation System 23 3.3.1 Assess Terrain Impact 24 3.4 Develop a Cooperative Water Management Plan 24 4 Bibliography 26 Appendix A. Annotated Bibliography 29 Appendix B. Traditional Northeastern Thai Villages 34 Appendix C. Cooperative Agencies in Thailand 35 Cooperatives Promotion Department 35 Cooperative Audit Department 35 Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives 36 Cooperative League of Thailand 37 Appendix D. Cooperatives in Thailand 38 Appendix E. Economic Issues of Cooperatives 39 List of Figures Figure 1. Map of Thailand ( Central Intelligence Agency ) 7 Figure 2. Map of Ubon Ratchathani Province ( MSN Learning & A ; Research ) 8 Figure 3. Sprinkler Irrigation System ( CA Dept. of Water Resources ) 12 Figure 4. Drip Irrigation System ( USDA ) 13 Figure 5. Gravity Irrigation ( San Joaquin Geological Society ) 14IntroductionDespite the recent displacement in the universe ‘s economic system towards industrialisation, agribusiness remains an economic basic in many states. Farmers constitute a important per centum of the population of many developing states, and of these, many are subsistence husbandmans, turning merely plenty to feed themselves and their households, with small or no excess. The dangers of farming at this degree are instantly evident. Give a hapless growth season, husbandmans may happen themselves unable feed their households without buying nutrient they can non afford, therefore traveling into debt. They operate at the subsistence degree because of scarceness of cultivable land, hapless dirt quality, or deficient entree to H2O and fertilisers. Among the states in Southeast Asia, Thailand has really experienced an encouraging growing rate in agricultural end product, increasing about 2 % per twelvemonth during the 1950s, 5.4 % per twelvemonth from 1958 to 1973, and 3.9 % per twelvemonth from 1973 to 1984 ( Heenan 199 ) . This growing was mostly due to the addition in the sum of cultivable land, which increased from 10 million estates in 1850 to about 150 million estates in the 1980s ( Phongpaichit 3 ) . Despite this growing in national farm end product and agricultural land, most farms in the nor'-east received few benefits, due largely to hapless dirt quality and fickle rainfall. The small towns of Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai, located in Ubon Ratchathani state, approximately 98 kilometres from Ubon City in Northeast Thailand, rely on subsistence agriculture. The mean income in the small towns is a paltry 10,000 tical ( about U.S. $ 253 ) per twelvemonth. The â€Å" Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai Rural Development Program, † established by the Mother of Peace Parish, has attempted to augment the villagers ‘ income by learning the adult females baking, run uping, handcraft, needlework, and through a â€Å" savings mobilisation undertaking, † leting villagers to gain involvement on their nest eggs, by assisting the villagers to raise cattles. Though these attempts are well-meaning, they do non turn to the major jobs of hapless dirt quality and unpredictable rainfall, which are maintaining the harvest outputs at a subsistence degree. Without a dependable beginning of H2O, there is no manner that the husbandmans can progress to profitable agriculture position. The deficiency of cooperation and trust nowadays in the small towns, every bit good as their limited economic resources, has antecedently prevented an irrigation system from being developed. This undertaking will measure the H2O demands for farming in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai, and develop a suited program for an irrigation system to run into those demands, therefore enabling the husbandmans to increase their harvest outputs. We will besides supply recommendations for a program for reasonably administering H2O from the system, every bit good as keeping it, both to be overseen by an organisation hand in glove run by the husbandmans. This irrigation system will supply the husbandmans with a dependable beginning of H2O, enabling them to increase their harvest outputs through a 2nd growth season, and therefore leting them to lift above the degree of subsistence agriculture.BackgroundAgribusiness has long been a basic of Thailand ‘s economic system. Specifically, much of the state must trust on subsistence agriculture, or turning merely plenty to feed one ‘s household. A deficiency of a dependable H2O beginning is forestalling the villagers in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai from traveling beyond the subsistence degree. This subdivision will first present information sing the two small towns, including plans that our patron has started. Since the big Catholic population of these two small towns may besides hold a significant impact on our undertaking, we present information on Catholicity in Thailand and, more specifically, how Catholics are perceived by other Thais. Since we do hold such limited information on the two small towns, we must utilize information on the general country, Ubon Ratchathani, to extrapolate to Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai. After appraising the state of affairs Ubon Ratchathani, we so travel on to the national agricultural economic system of Thailand, which has a important impact on the villagers ‘ lives. After diging into the broader national issue, we so concentrate on the agribusiness in Ubon Ratchathani, including turning season, common harvests, and jobs confronting the husbandmans. Our undertaking addresses possibly the most critical job of a deficiency of a dependable H2O beginning through the execution of an irrigation system in the small towns. Since urging a system requires a thorough apprehension of assorted aspects of irrigation, we so present background on different types of irrigation systems, factors associating to the pick of such a system, and issues of farmer direction of the system. Finally, since the building and care of an irrigation system is such a big undertaking, an irrigation co-op may be appropriate and, to this terminal, we present some basic concerted rules. This information should supply a solid footing for doing a recommendation to the villagers of Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai.The Ubon VillagesThe civilization and demographic make-up of the small towns we will be working with are really of import factors in determining this undertaking. The undermentioned subdivision will show background on Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai, every bit good as information on how spiritual differences may impact our undertaking.Nong Din Dam and Charoen ChaiThe small towns of Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai are located in the state of Ubon Ratchathani ( in the subdistrict of Nam Khun ) , about 98 kilometres from Ubon City. The bulk of villagers are subsistence husbandmans, concentrating largely on gluey rice, while turning a little sum of jute and manioc. Steeped in poorness, the mean per capita income in the two small towns is a paltry 10,000 tical ( $ 253 U.S. ) . The small towns make up the Mother of Peace Parish, and somewhat more than half the dwellers are Catholic. The church has formed the â€Å" Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai Rural Development Program, † which has implemented several plans to supplement the villagers ‘ agrarian income. In a savings mobilisation plan started by one of the sisters in the parish, husbandmans pool their income and let others to take loans from the pool, to be paid back with involvement. In add-on, the church has begun to learn the adult females of the small towns run uping, handcraft, and needlework, which produces goods to be sold at market for extra income. With the aid of the plan, many of the villagers are now besides raising cattles. Since these plans are run by the Catholic Church, it is ill-defined to what degree, if any, the Buddhists in the small town are involved.Subsistence FarmingThe husbandmans in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai can be described as subsistence husbandmans, intending they turn merely plenty nutrient to feed themselves and their households. In old ages where there is a excess it is normally traded or sold for a net income. There are restricting factors that keep them at the subsistence degree including deficiency of engineering such as irrigation and tractors, and the hapless quality of the dirt which limits the types and outputs of their harvests ( Wikipedia ) . We must earnestly see that we are covering with subsistence husbandmans when measuring any recommendation for alteration of traditional methods. There is a significant hazard associated with a bad twelvemonth. In the instance of a calamity such as a harvest failure or a natural catastrophe the husbandman will non be able to feed his or her household, and may hold to sell assets including land to make so ( Scott 2 ) . An irrigation system in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai would be an indispensable constituent to extenuation of these hazards and the first measure in a move off from subsistence agriculture.Catholicity in ThailandThe ample Catholic population in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai is untypical of most Thai small towns. It is necessary to analyze the function of Catholic Church in Thailand, every bit good as the general attitude of Thais toward the Catholic religion to find the consequence this spiritual difference will hold on our undertaking. Thailand ‘s population is preponderantly Buddhist, about 95 per centum. Of the staying five per centum, Muslims make up the largest minority ( Niphon ) . There are merely an estimated 250,000 Catholics in the state ( about 0.4 % of the entire population ) , which is little even compared to the other minorities. In Ubon Ratchathani state, there are 24,967 Catholics, doing up merely 0.32 % of the population, despite the presence of a Catholic Diocese ( Cheney ) . Although the people of Thailand are by and large accepting, the Catholics in Thailand are still seen as aliens for several grounds. One of these is due to their obvious minority. Most of the Catholic parishioners in Thailand are non by and large native Thais. The bulk come to Thailand from neighbouring states, preponderantly Laos, which is a close neighbour to the Ubon part. Thai people besides see Catholicism as foreign because many Catholics came to Thailand from antecedently colonized states, adding to the stigma of Catholicism ( Niphon ) . Although these are general tendencies of the relationship between Catholics and Thais, the nature of the relationship between the Catholics and the Buddhists in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai is still ill-defined to us.Ubon RatchathaniThe small towns of concern in this undertaking are located in the state of Ubon Ratchathani. Situated along the boundary lines of Laos and Cambodia, and with a population transcending 1.5 million, Ubon Ratchathani is both Thailand ‘s easternmost state and the Northeast ‘s most populated state ( Cummings 554 ) . Covering 15 thousand square kilometres, much of which is cultivable land, the country of Ubon is an of import provider of nutrient for the Northeast ‘s big population ( Lutzky 15 ) . Associating Ubon Ratchathani to Bangkok, the Mittaphap Highway, or Friendship Highway, runs 629 kilometer. Any goods that flow out of Ubon travel along this main road or through Thailand ‘s complex rail system to Bangkok. Figure 1. Map of Thailand ( Central Intelligence Agency ) Unlike most other parts of Thailand, the Khorat Plateau, upon which Ubon is located, rhythms through extremes of waterlessness and implosion therapy, bring forthing waterless conditions similar to the â€Å" African Savannah † ( Fukui 19 ) . This has badly hindered the agricultural development in the part. Figure 2. Map of Ubon Ratchathani Province ( MSN Learning & A ; Research )Agricultural Economy of ThailandIt is of import to understand that, while the husbandmans in Ubon Ratchathani are mostly isolated from the remainder of the state, they are still affected by the larger national economic system. Bordered by Myanmar, Malaysia, Laos, and Cambodia, the Kingdom of Thailand covers 514,000 square kilometres and consists of four distinguishable parts: the North, the Northeast, the Central, and the South, each with distinguishable demographics, clime, and geology. As of July 2003, Thailand had a population of 64 million ( est. ) , doing it one of the universe ‘s 20 most thickly settled states, despite its modest size ( Cardinal Intelligence Agency ) . In the decennary before 1995, Thailand enjoyed its greatest productiveness and growing. In the undermentioned old ages at that place was a terrible economic downswing taking to the devaluation of the Baht and a national recession. The downswing resulted from substructure jobs, banking jobs, deficiency of skilled labour, and mounting jobs with economic inequality. In response, the Thai authorities enacted strong steps to assist reconstruct the economic system to its old province ( Fryer 1 ) . Despite industrialisation in recent old ages, Thailand remains a to a great extent agricultural state. However, while agribusiness histories for 40 % of Thailand ‘s work force ( Fryer 1 ) , it makes up merely 8 % of all exports ( US 2003 Economic Summary ) . Because of this disparity, nutrient excesss, which are by and large a rareness in developing states, are a common happening in Thailand. Thailand ‘s high proportion of land proprietors to non-land proprietors is besides uncommon in the underdeveloped universe. This low rate of occupancy, combined with Thailand ‘s by and large big farms ( by Asian criterions ) has led to a higher criterion of life in Thailand than in other developing states. For case, the authorities privatized many concerns that were once government-owned. In add-on, the banking and fiscal systems were restructured ( Fryer 1 ) . The Thai small town economic system has existed for 100s of old ages and, like the national economic system, relies to a great extent on agribusiness, and is frequently referred to as an â€Å" arm ‘s length economic system, † which reflects the little graduated table of farming in Northeast Thailand. Most husbandmans in the part sell their goods to middle work forces, who are in bend sell to jobbers or other types of markets. This system implies an unfastened market where purchasers and Sellerss can exchange to whoever gives them the best monetary value, frequently in an informal auction format ( Warr 81 ) .Agribusiness in Ubon RatchathaniUnderstanding some rudimentss behind the agribusiness in northeast Thailand and some of the jobs blighting the husbandmans will be critical to the success of our undertaking. There are two distinguishable seasons, a rainy season that extends from May to October and a dry season from November to April, with a average one-year rainfall i n the part of 1600 millimeter ( Lutzky 17 ) . Crops are planted around the 3rd hebdomad of July, and are harvested in November. The chief harvests in the small towns include rice, maize, jute, and manioc. The small towns grow two types of rice: gluey ( gluey ) and non-glutinous ( non-sticky ) rice. The gluey assortment is grown for personal ingestion, while non-sticky rice is chiefly produced for sale ( Lutzky 18 ) . Chemical fertiliser is applied to over 90 % of the rice grown in the country, while manure is applied to approximately 85 % . Some husbandmans do utilize irrigation ; nevertheless, this is limited due to technological and fiscal limitations ( Lutzky 19 ) . Most northeasterly Thai husbandmans lack machinery, and by and large engage others with machinery to assist them with convulsing and milling, though they usually harvest by manus ( Lutzky 20 ) . The husbandmans in the country environing Ubon are covering with a broad assortment of jobs: hapless dirt that lacks H2O and alimentary keeping capablenesss due to its overly flaxen composing low H2O tabular array environmental harm due to improper fertiliser usage, and insects and disease inconsistent rainfall during the turning season ( Lutzky 21 )IrrigationAn irrigation system has been identified as a agency for the husbandmans of Nom Ding Dam and Chaoren Chai to extenuate many of the hazards associated with subsistence agriculture, and possibly to travel beyond subsistence farming wholly. To successfully do recommendations for an irrigation system, nevertheless, the group must foremost derive a through apprehension of many different aspects of irrigation. The undermentioned subdivisions detail the different types of irrigation systems, factors that go into taking them, information sing H2O beginnings and cost, the construct of H2O shortage irrigation, and constructs for farmer-managed irrigation systems.Types of Irrigation SystemsThere are several available systems of irrigation to be considered for usage in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai. We must analyze these different types to organize a footing for our recommendation. The undermentioned subdivision examines three major types of irrigation systems: sprinkler i rrigation, drip irrigation and gravitation irrigation.Sprinkler IrrigationThis system, an illustration of which can be seen below, has gained popularity over the old ages due to it ease in operation and its usage of visible radiation and cheap aluminium piping. The chief elements of a sprinkler system are the beginning of H2O, the chief grapevine, the bomber chief grapevines, the sprinkler laterals, and the sprinklers. Gravity fed lines or a pumping system force H2O through the system and onto the Fieldss. The chief grapevine of this system brings H2O from the beginning to the Fieldss ; these pipes are by and large made of either PVC or aluminium. The bomber chief pipes branch off the chief pipe and present the H2O to the single Fieldss, frequently running along the boundaries of the Fieldss providing the H2O to the sprinkler laterals. The sprinkler laterals supply the H2O from the pipes to the existent sprinklers, which spray the irrigated H2O over the coveted country. As pumps are frequently expensive, there is important cost associated with the equipment used in this type of operation. Construction of this system is reasonably simple, nevertheless ( Finkel 193 ) . Figure 3. Sprinkler Irrigation System ( CA Dept. of Water Resources )Drip IrrigationDrip irrigation is similar to sprinkler irrigation in that pumps or gravitation deliver H2O to the Fieldss in the same manner. When the H2O reaches the Fieldss, nevertheless, it is non sprinkled over the harvests, but a system of porous pipes is used. The pipes rest on the land, as seen below, and supply H2O to the dirt at a slower rate than that of sprinklers. The porous pipes deliver H2O straight to the base of the workss, cut downing the losingss to evaporation, and therefore doing this system more efficient. The pumping equipment that may be necessary to travel the H2O in this system is besides expensive but, once more, building is non hard ( Finkel 247 ) . Figure 4. Drip Irrigation System ( USDA )Gravity IrrigationGravity irrigation is another major type of H2O bringing. This system besides uses a chief H2O beginning but uses gravitation instead so a pump to travel the H2O. Furrows or canals, similar to the 1 seen below, are frequently used as a manner of presenting H2O to the Fieldss, but husbandmans can utilize different types of piping as an option. This system is labour intensive because the furrows and canals need to be built and maintained, but is cheap due to the deficiency of pumping equipment. An added consideration with gravitation irrigation, nevertheless, is the topography of the land due, to its trust on gravitation. This system works best on degree or moderate inclines ( Finkel 349 ) . Figure 5. Gravity Irrigation ( San Joaquin Geological Society )Water Deficit IrrigationMost irrigation systems assume a close infinite H2O beginning. When watering in semi-arid parts, this is non a feasible premise. A H2O shortage theoretical account recognizes a limited H2O supply and adjusts to run into those considerations. Water shortage irrigation, merely set, is under-watering a works to maximise H2O dispersion among a larger figure of workss ( Gorantiwar ) . Gorantiwar and Smout define the intent of under-irrigation as â€Å" to distribute available H2O over a big country, thereby increasing the entire usage of H2O or energy per unit irrigated. † Both energy and H2O usage will necessitate to be minimized for an irrigation system in Charoen Chai and Nong Din Dam, due to a deficiency of financess and the scarceness of H2O. Under-irrigating harvests will non give crops of a superior quality ; in fact, the harvested fruits will be little and developing. By tight direction o f H2O, nevertheless, the procedure can increase the volume/mass of a crop by up to 40 % ( Gorantiwar ) .Water BeginningsFarmers can utilize a figure of H2O beginnings to obtain H2O for irrigation. These beginnings include the ocean, rivers, watercourses, springs, lakes, purchased H2O, Wellss, and rainfall ( Hackelman 1-7 ) . Unfortunately, due to the limited budgets of the husbandmans and the geographic location and terrain, the bulk of these beginnings will non be executable. We are non likely to happen accessible land H2O, such as lakes, watercourses or pools, due to the geographic location of the small town. Farmers could buy H2O, but its cost is prohibitory. There is a important sum of precipitation. Eighty-eight per centum of the mean rainfall, nevertheless, occurs between May and October ( Lutzky 17 ) . To use this beginning of H2O we would hold to invent a system to roll up and hive away excess rain during the rainy season for usage during the remainder of the twelvemonth.Cos tTo measure and compare the costs associated with each irrigation system we must take both the initial investing and the long term costs into consideration. The initial investing is comparatively easy to measure. All outgo associated with the purchase of constituents, stuffs, and the building of the system make up the initial investing. Long-run costs can be broken up in to two groupings, â€Å" fixed † and â€Å" variable † costs ( Roth 103 ) . Fixed costs accumulate irrespective of whether or non the system is in usage. Depreciation, revenue enhancements and insurance are illustrations of these. They are besides known as â€Å" the cost of having a system † ( Roth 104 ) . â€Å" Variable or operating † costs are disbursals that occur due to the usage of the system, and include repairs/maintenance, fuel, oil, and labour ( Roth 105 ) .Factors Affecting the Choice of an Irrigation SystemWhen be aftering the execution of an irrigation system it is necessary to see many factors. Several of these include the H2O beginning, topography, clime, dirt types and harvests. Several factors affect the effectivity of a H2O beginning, including: lift size acceptable flow rate distance from Fieldss ( affects the demand for a pump ) , and H2O quality ( presence of chemical deposits ) . The topography of the part ( the incline of the terrain ) can be a confining factor in taking an irrigation system. Farmers can utilize all systems on minimum to chair inclines, but can merely utilize drip irrigation on steep inclines. The uniformity of the incline can impact the flow of H2O in all types of systems but is by and large non a job for the three prevailing irrigation systems discussed before ( Finkel 37 ) . We must besides see the clime of the irrigated part when measuring the pick of an irrigation system. Sprinkler systems are non suited for blowy conditions, as air current can greatly interrupt the uniformity of the system and increase vaporization well. The temperature and humidness greatly affect the efficiency of a sprinkler system by helping vaporization. In the instance of high temperatures and low humidness, it is best to utilize trickle or gravitation irrigation ( Finkel 39 ) . Dirt in the irrigated part is besides an of import consideration, as it can impact the lacrimation method. Soils with high wet capacity require H2O less frequently but necessitate more H2O each person lacrimation. Dirts with low wet capacity need H2O more often and do increased losingss due to runoff ( Finkel 39 ) . The type of harvest being grown besides has important importance when sing an irrigation system. All types of irrigation are suited for row harvests. Gravity irrigation is best for closely separated harvests and groves ( Finkel 42 ) .Planing for Farmer Control and MaintenanceHarmonizing to Yoder and Thurston, when planing an irrigation system to be run and maintained by husbandmans, there are five chief elements of a successful design procedure. The design procedure should: â€Å" 1 ) : be policy-driven, 2 ) be field-based, 3 ) have farmer engagement, 4 ) include processs for larning from experience, and 5 ) integrate local logic, cognition, and experience † ( Yoder 10 ) . Any successful irrigation design undertaking must province clear policies that should back up husbandman direction and engagement. Though these policies must be clear, they must besides be flexible and able to accommodate to the husbandmans ‘ demands. This frequently causes jobs when authorities organisations are involved, as their budgeting regulations are frequently really rigorous, and can do important holds. Government policy should besides back up farmer ownership of H2O supplies and the irrigation substructure ( Yoder 10 ) . To decently ease the design of a system, applied scientists of the system must pass important clip in the field. This is indispensable to guarantee the proper sum of husbandman engagement in the design. Engineers in the field can really see the physical location where their system will be implemented, every bit good as interact with the husbandmans to integrate suggestions. Though elaborate designs are frequently hard to do in the field, many irrigation undertakings do non necessitate such item. These frequently must be adjusted during the concluding building stage anyways, and really are non required for all but the most complex systems ( Yoder 10-11 ) . If the system is to be owned and operated by husbandmans, their engagement in the full design procedure is important to the success of the undertaking. Engineers must show a positive attitude toward and keep healthy relationships with the husbandmans. In add-on, it is critical that they meet with husbandmans frequently to maintain them informed of the advancement of the undertaking and any holds or alterations. They must stay informed of the costs of the undertaking and understand what they will be responsible for. In big undertakings such as irrigation building, it is common for husbandmans to organize husbandman groups, either officially or informally, to promote engagement in the design procedure ( Yoder 11 ) . While it is evident that the applied scientists planing a system must supply preparation to the husbandmans responsible for pull offing it, husbandmans besides play a cardinal function in supplying information to the applied scientists. The husbandmans have the advantage of holding observed the Fieldss for many old old ages, while the applied scientists can merely detect them for a short clip. To derive as thorough an apprehension as possible of the Fieldss, applied scientists must see the field on multiple occasions, and pass on openly with the husbandmans to place issues they may meet ( Yoder 12 ) . An facet of the design procedure that applied scientists frequently overlook is to place the aims of the husbandmans. The applied scientists ‘ standards for a good design may non ever fit up with the husbandmans ‘ , and this must be determined at an early phase. In add-on, applied scientists should set up a simple and effectual forum to pass on design thoughts to the husbandmans. Yoder and Thurston suggest conveying husbandmans onsite and taging off countries with bets and strings, alternatively of discoursing abstract design thoughts in a big meeting. Another effectual agencies of pass oning design programs is for applied scientists to construct 3-dimensional theoretical accounts of the proposed constructions. If executable, it is besides recommended to take the husbandmans off-site to locations where similar systems have been implemented. This accomplishes two of import undertakings. It allows the husbandmans to really see a system in operation. More significantly, thou gh, they can discourse the direction issues of the system with other husbandmans ( Yoder 12 ) .Concerted PrinciplesDue to the significant cost of set abouting an irrigation undertaking, it will be necessary for the small towns to move hand in glove by pooling resources and sharing the duties for care of the system. Harmonizing to the International Co-operative Alliance ( ICA ) , a co-op is â€Å" an independent association of individuals united voluntarily to run into their common economic, societal and cultural demands and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled endeavor † ( p. 2 ) . The organisation besides identified seven rules which embody the spirit of co-ops. Any organisation, whether formal or informal, that is formed in relation to this irrigation undertaking, should adhere to these rules: Membership in a co-op should be voluntary and unfastened to anybody willing to utilize its services. Cooperatives must be democratically controlled by their members, and those functioning every bit elected representatives of the co-op are accountable to its members. Members must make concern with the co-op in order for it to be successful, and may be rewarded in assorted signifiers for the sum of such concern. Cooperatives must stay independent, and any understandings they enter into must retain that liberty. Cooperatives should supply instruction and preparation to members, representatives, and employees. Cooperation among co-ops is encouraged to function the concerted motion. The concluding rule reads: â€Å" Co-operatives work for the sustainable development of their communities through policies approved by their members † ( International Co-operative Alliance 2-3 ) . By adhering to these rules in the formation of a co-op for direction of the irrigation system, we will guarantee equity and equity to all who choose to take part.MethodologyThis undertaking will measure the H2O demands for farming in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai, and develop a suited program for an irrigation system to run into those demands, therefore enabling the husbandmans to increase their harvest outputs. The undertaking will take topographic point between January 9, 2004, and March 5, 2004, though we expect that the concluding building of our recommended irrigation system will take well longer. It is of import to concentrate the undertaking to a specific location and therefore, we will include merely the Fieldss in the small towns of Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai. The squad plans to carry through the end of the undertaking by transporting out the undermentioned stairss: place the H2O demands of the villagers identify beginnings of H2O for the irrigation system design a program for a suited irrigation system assess the impact of the terrain on the irrigation system develop a concerted H2O direction program.Identify Water RequirementsTo find the feasibleness and complexness of the proposed irrigation system, we will foremost necessitate to place the H2O demands of the villagers. This will affect taking elaborate measurings of the Fieldss of the husbandmans who wish to take part in the undertaking. We will necessitate to find the entire land country we will necessitate to water. In add-on to this, we will map out the harvests that are grown on each field, and the typical H2O demands for each harvest. The H2O demands for each harvest will be determined through mention beginnings and interviews with the villagers. With this combined information, we can find the entire sum of H2O required for harvests for the small town. We will so find the minimal rainfall the husbandmans can anticipate in a given twelvemonth, by looking at rainfall informations for the country, and besides from the husbandman ‘s cognition of annually rainfall. Subtracting th is figure from the entire H2O demands of the villagers will give the sum of H2O the irrigation system must supply in a twelvemonth. At this phase, if maps of the small towns are unavailable ( which we expect they wo n't be ) , we plan to map the Fieldss ourselves utilizing a GPS system along with field observations and measurings. While the GPS engineering is inexact, it is cheap and we expect that the mistake will non throw off our informations significantly. To bring forth these maps, we will utilize GIS mapping engineering with MapInfo package. This phase of our undertaking will probably affect interviews with the husbandmans, which brings the communicating issue into drama. We are unsure how we will pass on with the villagers. At this point, we plan on the handiness of one of our patrons, either Sr. Lita or Ms. Cipriano, to construe for us. As these informations are important for our undertaking to continue, it should be gathered every bit shortly as possible. We plan to hold it completed within the first two hebdomads of the undertaking period.Identify Water BeginningsAnother measure in finding the feasibleness of the undertaking overall is placing beginnings of H2O for the irrigation system. We will turn up beginnings of H2O through interviews with the villagers and through analysis of maps of the country, if available. Along with consideration of inactive H2O beginnings such as pools and reservoirs, we must besides see the sum of rainfall the country receives. It may be possible to integrate a rain aggregation system into the irrigation system, to salvage rain for later usage. Indeed, if there are no surface organic structures of H2O in the country, the system may necessitate to trust wholly on this rainfall aggregation system. These informations are besides important to our undertaking, and should be collected at the same time with the informations from Objective # 1. This should besides be completed within the first two hebdomads of the undertaking period.Develop a Plan for an Irrigation SystemAfter roll uping the antecedently mentioned informations, we will be in a place to analyse this information and utilize it to urge a suited irrigation method to run into the demands of the husbandmans. In add-on to confer withing our ain information, it will be of import to garner sentiments and position from the villagers at this phase. Since they will be responsible for keeping the system, it is of import that we take their input into consideration when doing our proposal.Assess Terrain ImpactAs par of developing a program for an irrigation system, we will measure the impact of the terrain on a possible irrigation system. This is necessary to find which types of irrigation systems, if any, would be appropriate, as comparative lift can hold a important impact on the public presentation of the system. To carry through this, we will seek for lift maps of the country. If we are unable to turn up these, we will map the country ourselves, utilizing either a GPS system, an altimeter, or an oculus degree. This will be the concluding stage of information-gathering before the existent design procedure begins because it plays such an of import function in the design of the system. This information should be collected by the terminal of the 3rd hebdomad of the undertaking period.Develop a Concerted Water Management PlanFinally, after carefully analysing our informations and urging an irrigation system, we will urge a system for administering the H2O and keeping the system, utilizing recognized concerted rules. We will roll up informations from other small towns with community-managed irrigation systems to find common and acceptable methods for such direction. In add-on, we will interview husbandmans in the small towns to garner their positions and suggestions on this direction system. Again, this presents us with a communicating issue. It will be imperative that we are able to pass on with husbandmans in other irrigation co-ops every bit good as those in Nong Din Dam and Charoen Chai. While we hope to trust on Sr. Lita and Ms. Cipriano to construe in the two small towns, we may necessitate to engage a third-party translator for communicating when we visit other irrigation co-ops. We plan for this work to be ongoing throught the term. We will interview the villagers within the first few hebdomads but the visits to other farms and adept interviews could take topographic point at anytime during the undertaking period.

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Friendship Poem – poetry Free Online Research Papers Friendship Poem poetry I think i found a friend, who will be there till the end. Who seemd to turn my life around, who picks me up when i am down. I never thought such a friend existed, where your feelings arnt restricted. Where you can say how much you care and that you will always be there. When no matter what happens you always know, your friendship will always grow. How nothing can tear you two apart and every word comes from the heart. I thought a friend like this came only in your dreams but thats not the way it seems. Its hard to believe but believe it or not, this is something ive actually got. Someone who never gave up on you and enourages whatever you do. Where their faith in you is always strong, even if its right or wrong. People spend their lives taking every risk, to find a friendship as strong as this. I cant believe in such a short time, i have already found mine. If you cry i cry thats the way it goes, how close we are nobody knows. Well still be close when were old and grey, still talk to eachother everyday. I cant imagine life with out you for a while coz id miss everything about you even your smile. I feel so alone when you are not here, coz to me your someone very dear. This is something no one could replace, not even that smile upon my face. You mean so much i just cant explain, how youve taken away so much pain. You made my world the best it could be, just by saying you love me. I know you feel the same as i do you, only because our friendship is something very true. Research Papers on Friendship Poem - poetryThe Fifth HorsemanMind TravelHip-Hop is ArtCapital PunishmentAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Personal Experience with Teen PregnancyHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Colonial Period essays

Colonial Period essays The Colonial Period lasted from 1600 all the way to 1750. The most important historical event that took place in this period of time were the arrival of the Pilgrims on the east coast of North America and the meeting of the Indians which created the celebration that is now known as Thanksgiving. Puritans lived in Colonial America and followed the following rules: Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, and Perseverance of the saints. Their religion was Christianity, but there was a little bit controversy between Catholics and Protestants. The four authors that were important for this time period are Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, William Bradford, Jonathon Edwards, and Anne Bradstreet. Cabeza de Vaca wrote journals, Bradford wrote journals as well, Edwards wrote sermons, and Bradstreet wrote poems. Anne Bradstreet was a puritan born in England in 1612 and died in 1672. She was married to a brilliant scholar named Simon Bradstreet when she was just sixteen. They moved with Annes parents to New England to start a new life in the colonies. Anne wrote poems whenever she could. She was the first American poet, she is remarkable not only because of that, but because she wrote when writing was considered a not proper occupation for a woman. Bradstreet wrote of her powerful love for her husband, her aguish of her parents and other family members deaths, and her strive to accept Gods will for the losses that she suffered. One of her compositions, To My Dear and Loving Husband, was all about her love for her husband and how she prizes her love more than mines of gold or all the riches in the east. That piece of writing of hers accentuates her love for her husband and how she always wants to be with him, on earth and in Heaven. Jonathon Edwards was born in 1703 and died in 1758. Edwards was the son and grandson of Puritan ministers. H ...

How to Cite a Website in IEEE Referencing

How to Cite a Website in IEEE Referencing How to Cite a Website in IEEE Referencing With so much information available online these days, it is vital to know how to cite online sources. In this post, then, we’re looking at how to cite a website in an essay or paper using IEEE referencing. Referencing a Website with In-Text Citations In IEEE referencing, you cite sources with a number in the text. These numbers each point to a different source in the reference list: The internet relies on standardized communication protocols [1]. Number sources in the order that you first cite them. The source in the example above, for instance, would be the first source cited in the document and the first source in the reference list. And if you cite a website more than once, make sure to use the same number in each citation. As shown above, you will usually give citations at the end of a clause before terminal punctuation. However, if you name the author in your writing, you should give the citation number immediately afterwards: Rouse [1] identifies TCP/IP as key for networking devices. This clearly shows the connection between author and source. Listing a Website in an IEEE Reference List The reference list is where you provide full information for every source you use. If you cite a website, this means using the following format: [#] INITIAL(S). Surname, â€Å"Page Title,† Website Name, date of publication. [Online]. Available: URL. [Accessed Date]. In practice, then, the entry for an online source would look like this: [1] M. Rouse, â€Å"TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol),† SearchNetworking, Aug. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP-IP. [Accessed Sept. 19, 2018]. Usually, you will find all this information if you look closely enough. However, IEEE does supply rules for handling missing information: If a page does not name its author, use an organizational author (e.g., the publishing company or the overall website). If no organizational author is available, use the source title in its place in the reference list entry. The date of publication can be the date the page went online or when it was last updated. If neither is available, use the abbreviation â€Å"n.d.† instead. Finally, don’t forget to include a hanging indent for each line after the first in each reference list entry, as this is required in IEEE referencing. And if you need any help checking the referencing in your work, let us know.

Identify, explain and evaluate any problems you can foresee upon the Case Study

Identify, explain and evaluate any problems you can foresee upon the death, disability or retirement of Jessica - Case Study Example In the case of retirement, obviously if she had secured a permanent job. Walter will most likely switch to a better paying job, in order to cushion the family from any event that might have affected Jessica. Or based on his assumption of a current employment, he will ask for a salary increase. Their house, based on their current valuation indicates that it appreciates at approximately $9000 each year. If she is to retire at the age of 60 and the rate of inflation stayed fixed, it will be valued at $478000.Within this time, their 15-year mortgage plan will have been fully cleared. Other joint investments will with BMO, will stay the same, while one of the cars, preferably Jessica’s, and will be sold off to keep family finances afloat. The expenses will be borne heavily by Walter, since Jessica will have less to deduct from. The insurance premiums and other deductions will likely continue especially the monthly taxes as well as household needs. Whether the weight will be borne by the two entirely depends on the presence and ability of Jessica. In case of death, her tax deductions as well as her car benefits will be cut short, while the weight will shift to Walter, who is likely to start cutting down on the expense. The will they made, even though not up to date, encompasses what makes up their life. As a result, it will come into operation in the case of her death, with Walter and the kids taking full shares in the marital property. In such a situation, Walter is likely to revise the will and entitle the kids to full administration of estate in case of his unavailability too. Assuming Jessica too plans to retire at 60 and things remain the same, she won’t be entitled to any benefits, since she is not in any pension plan. In case of her demise, the spousal plan currently being paid for her by her husband will stop. The available group health insurance policy will cover Jessica, unless she is dead. The

Write a report for a fictional human rights NGO on the issues of Essay

Write a report for a fictional human rights NGO on the issues of justice it should consider when forming its policy stance on international norms around humanitarian intervention.(1600 word count) - Essay Example This is a policy pursued by the United Nations, in conjunction with major world powers, such as United States, United Kingdom, and France. This policy gained prominence after the Rwandan genocide of 1994 (Alkopher, 2013, p. 17). During this genocide, more than 500,000 people were killed in a span of three months, without the international community doing anything to stop this killing spree. To protect humanity against dictatorial regimes, and natural disasters, there is a need of engaging in humanitarian interventions. Humanitarian intervention refers to the use of military force, against another state, for purposes of protecting the rights and dignity of the citizens of the state under consideration (Roberts, 1999, p. 36). However, this definition is narrow, because it is possible to use non-military force, when carrying out humanitarian interventions. The following are the three general consensuses that surround the concept of humanitarian intervention (Alkopher, 2013, p. 22), This report identifies the various debates and norms that surround the concept of humanitarian interventions. It provides an analysis of these norms, and it explains the different perspectives concerning this notion of humanitarian intervention, and justice (Meggle, 2004, p. 16). Furthermore, this report contains a summary on the major issues, concerning humanitarian intervention that the agency should concentrate in. It is important to explain that this concept of humanitarian intervention is not supported by all states (Meggle, 2004). This is because countries such as China and Russia, who hold veto powers within the UN Security Council, are opposed to its use. They view it, as interference with the domestic activities of a state, and this is against the UN charter. This report will therefore highlight the issues for the organization to consider while developing its policies, regarding humanitarian interventions. In gathering information for this paper, the writer

UPS Invests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UPS Invests - Essay Example Many of these objectives are going to be attained by monitoring, fuel consumption which will mean that they will be able to use less fuel during their activities. Another thing that the company aims at by introducing the new technology is to encourage responsibility and accountability of their employees. With the new technology they will be able to monitor their activities throughout the world. There are a number of things that United Parcel Service is doing in the bid of embracing technology. They are fitting their delivery vans with sensors that enable them to collect data about the activities that these vans are involved in. For the data that is collected to be inclusive the sensors are installed various parts of the vehicles. The parts of the vehicles that are fitted with these sensors include: the brakes, engine boxes, and the accelerators. A combination of data collected from these parts can help in coming up with inclusive information on the performance of these vehicles. The data that they aim at collecting include information about the routes used by the vans, the amount of fuel consumed by the vans, and amount of time that the engines are left idle. Given that most of their parcel transportation takes place through air transport, they also aim at conserving flight fuel, moderating flight speed, and regulating the routes that are used by their flights. The sensors that are used by their trucks will also see to it that the consumption of fuel is minimized. Every morning the drivers are briefed on the data that was collected from the vehicle that they drive (Sobey, 2009). Apart from the briefing the company also offers advice to the drivers on things that they could do to make sure that their activities contributes to the sustainability of the company. There are a number of ways in which United Parcel Service will benefit from virtualization. The

The Business Cycle & Policy Response in France Coursework

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Marketng Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketng - Research Paper Example This paper will analyze both the Coca Cola’s traditional marketing mix and the internet marketing mix with regard to its business operations in the UK market. While analyzing the company structure, it is clear that the power of Coke products raised the company to the top of the world’s soft drink industry. The company has been introducing timely changes in packaging. However, the company gives great emphasis on customer interests while introducing any change. For instance, Coca Cola introduced a new recipe for Coke in 1985 and it was rejected in the market. Subsequently, the company went back to the ‘classic’ Coke in order to better serve the customer needs (â€Å"Coke Lore..†). Currently, the company produces and markets over 2800 beverage products including Sprite, Fruitopia, and Fanta. The packaging size ranges from 300 mL to 2 litres. Surveys indicate that the Coke is one of the well known trade mark in the word. The company’s well brand image adds value to its market reputation. Coca Cola follows a competition based pricing strategy to maintain its market share since a large number of firms are operating under soft drink industry. Hence, the price of Coca Cola brands notably varies with time. However, it is identified that the company prices are readily accepted in the market due to its increased rate of demand. In addition, the company brings changes to its price structure in accordance with seasonal demand fluctuations. To illustrate, Coca Cola management sets higher prices for its drink products during the summer season and lowers the prices in the beginning of the winter season. Coca Cola is one of the leading global brands and hence it is easily available across the globe. Presently, Coca Cola products are distributed to more than 200 countries under nearly 450 brands (â€Å"The chronicle..†). The company specifically focuses on needs and preferences of each region or country

The Business Cycle & Policy Response in France Coursework

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Answer the questions in Bold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer the questions in Bold - Essay Example My earliest memory of visiting a hospital as a patient was after hurting my thumb during a game of football as a pre-adolescent. It predictably turned out to be a sprain, but the pain and parental concern called for a doctors evaluation. I remember a brief exchange with the doctor, who eventually wrapped my thumb and suggested some type of over-the-counter pain medication before disappearing into the hallway. Later, in my teens, I contracted a mild form of strep throat. This time I ended up at a doctors office rather than the emergency room since it first presented as a potential flu. After an excruciating examination of my throat, the doctor prescribed antibiotics to counter the infection that was present. As I further contemplate the aspects of my healthcare memories, the contributions of various organizations become apparent. The hospital is the earliest interaction with a primary healthcare provider that I can recall, which is fitting since hospitals serve as the foundation of all healthcare delivery services (Weinberg et al., 2012). It was very evident that the place served a massive amount of people, based on the number of patients I noticed and the concise, turn style type of diagnosis and treatment I received. My other stated experience with a direct healthcare provider (at the doctors office for strep throat) was slightly less machine-like. This was probably a result of the scaled-down nature of an office compared to a hospital. However, the process still felt rushed, and I remember feeling that the doctor was more concerned with dazzling my parents via jargon than trying to make me feel comfortable. Spraining my thumb and catching strep throat also resulted in some experience gained with indirect care organizations. As with any professional healthcare delivery situations, my parents, being responsible for me as a patient, had to deal with the consequences imposed by the dreaded insurance

Progression Module Essay Example for Free

Progression Module Essay The progression module is a course which I would recommend for anyone. It has a numerous amount of benefits, one of the main benefits is it allows you to explore a broad range of courses at a variety of university. I feel the progression module has prepared me for university as I have discovered many courses that interest me. The progression module has also helped me understand other vital things that need to be considered when going university, such as deciding whether to live at home or away from home and all the financial implications university life holds. During the progression module I have discovered a great deal about myself and what I would like to pursue a career in. After completing the progression module I feel I now have the opportunity to access the career I want through a variety of routes. I also feel I am now much more confident in terms of writing letters, CV’s and personal statements. This has benefited massively because when applying for voluntary work I was much more assertive when writing my CV, I took a positive approach which I learned from the progression module and due to this approach I was given the role of volunteer in the hospital. Whilst doing a-levels students are expected to deliver presentations on subject topics. In the progression module I had to create a presentations and deliver it, I followed all the information provided from the progression module and I feel I managed to deliver my presentation effectively remaining confident and clear at all times. Another thing the progression module prepared me for was interview, following the progression modules guidelines helped me develop all the positive and necessary skills required for delivering a questionnaire. After following these guidelines I was successful in my mock interview. I remained confident at all times, I did everything possible to express the knowledge and interest I had for medicine without showing arrogance. After participating in a mock interview I was also given feedback on my performance and what I should do to do even better. The mock interview was a huge boost of motivation as all the feedback I received was positive and I was told if I go for an interview tomorrow I will be successful. Universities always look at personal statements before accepting any student for an interview. So essentially the personal statement is a vital part in the acceptance of an applicant. In unit four of the progression module I was expected to write a personal statement but obviously I was given ideas on how to structure it, what to avoid and what to definitely include. This was extremely beneficial as I now feel I am prepared for university, I have a personal statement written and all I need to do is fill in my UCAS. Overall the progression module has helped me decide what I would like to do in terms of living at home or living away from home. I have decided I am going to study at a university close to home so I can love at home. I know about all the financial implication involved when living at home and I know how to approach these implications and deal with them effectively. The progression module was very interesting and intriguing it has been a huge benefit to my future especially my career. I feel I am now much more confident when applying for university and I am also aware of all the options that are available for me to undertake. The progression module is fantastic and completing it not only helps applying for university but also benefits an individual in terms of the academic challenges they may have to face.

Pembangunan Ekonomi Seimbang Dan Komprehensif

Pembangunan Ekonomi Seimbang Dan Komprehensif YB. DATO MUSTAFA MOHAMAD MENTERI DI JABATAN PERDANA MENTERI DR. AMINI AMIR ABDULLAH PENGARAH PUSAT ISLAM UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA Bermaksud: Dan carilah pada apa yang telah dianugerahkan Allah kepada kamu (kebahagiaan) di akhirat dan janganlah kamu melupakan bahagian kamu dari (kenikmatan) duniawi dan berbuat baiklah (kepada orang lain) sebagaimana Allah telah berbuat baik, kepadamu, dan janganlah kamu berbuat kerosakan di mukabumi. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak menyukai orang-orang yang berbuat kerosakan. [Surah Al-Qasas: 77] Pengenalan Pembangunan Malaysia berprinsip ekonomi Islam. Kerajaan telah memperkenalkan konsep Islam Hadhari dalam usaha meneruskan agenda pembangunan negara yang memberi penekanan kepada pembangunan manusia, masyarakat dan negara. Konsep Islam Hadhari memperjelaskan lagi apa yang dimaksudkan dengan pembangunan menyeluruh yang menjadi teras Wawasan 2020 terutama dari segi keseimbangan pembangunan kebendaan dengan kerohanian. Kerajaan juga berhasrat untuk memperkukuhkan lagi sistem ekonomi Islam di Malaysia khususnya dalam sektor kewangan Islam. YAB Dato Seri Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi menegaskan: Islam Hadhari memberi tekanan kepada pembangunan. Pembangunan yang menjurus kepada pembinaan peradaban. Peradaban yang dicanai dengan pegangan Islam dan memberi fokus kepada usaha mempertingkatkan mutu kehidupan. Mempertingkatkan mutu kehidupan melalui penguasaan ilmu, pembangunan insan, pembangunan kesihatan serta pembangunan fizikal. Mempertingkatkan mutu kehidupan dengan mengamalkan sistem ekonomi, sistem perdagangan dan sistem kewangan yang dinamik. Pembangunan sepadu dan seimbang bagi melahirkan umat yang berilmu dan beriman, bertamadun tinggi, berakhlak mulia, jujur lagi amanah, serta bersedia menangani cabaran semasa dunia global. (Ucapan Dasar Presiden UMNO dlm Perhimpunan Agung UMNO 2004 di Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur). Islam tidak mengakui wujudnya pertentangan di antara kehidupan keduniaan dengan kerohanian. Islam tertonjol bukan sekadar untuk membentuk peribadi manusia, tetapi juga membentuk masyarakat yang sejahtera dan bahagia sehingga ajaran Allah di bumi ini dapat ditegakkan. Islam adalah satu-satunya agama yang menganjurkan keseimbangan antara keperluan dunia dan akhirat, rohani dan jasmani. Banyak ayat-ayat al-Quran yang menggalakkan manusia untuk meraih kedudukan yang seimbang antara keperluan-keperluan rohani dan jasmani. Antaranya ialah firman Allah s.a.w. : Bermaksud: Dan carilah pada apa yang telah dianugerahkan Allah kepada kamu (kebahagiaan) di akhirat dan janganlah kamu melupakan bahagian kamu dari (kenikmatan) duniawi dan berbuat baiklah (kepada orang lain) sebagaimana Allah telah berbuat baik, kepadamu, dan janganlah kamu berbuat kerosakan di mukabumi. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak menyukai orang-orang yang berbuat kerosakan. [Surah Al-Qasas: 77] Islam juga berbeza dengan agama-agama lain kerana ia tidak memisahkan antara kehidupan jasmani dengan kehidupan rohani, individu dan masyarakat dan unsur-unsur keduniaan dengan keakhiratan. Islam mengajarkan supaya berdoa untuk mendapatkan kebaikan di dunia bersama-sama dengan akhirat. Firman Allah s.w.t.: Bermaksud : Ada di antara manusia yang berdoa,Ya Tuhan kami, berilah kami kebaikan di dunia dan kebaikan di akhirat dan peliharalah kami daripada siksaan api neraka. Islam juga mengharuskan manusia mengambil faedah dan menggunakan keperluan-keperluan dunia untuk menuju ke akhirat. Tiada larangan untuk manusia mencari kebahagiaan di dunia asalkan ianya dilakukan secara tidak melanggar adab dan peraturan Allah s.w.t.. Firman Allah s.w.t.: bermaksud : Katakanlah ( Wahai Muhammad ) : Siapakah yang  Ã‚   ( berani ) mengharamkan perhiasan Allah yang telah dikurniakannya untuk hamba-hambanya, dan demikian juga benda-benda yang baik lagi halal dari rezeki yang dikurniakannya. Katakanlah: Semuanya itu ialah ( nikmat-nikmat ) untuk orang-orang yang beriman ( dan juga tidak beriman ) dalam kehidupan dunia ( Nikmat-nkmat itu pula) hanya tertentu ( bagi orang-orang yang beriman sahaja ) pada hari Kiamat. Demikianlah kami jelaskan ayat-ayat keterangan kami satu persatu bagi orang-orang yang (mahu) mengetahui. Umat Islam harus berusaha demi untuk kesejahteraan hidup keduniaan agar tidak ketinggalan dalam era mengejar kemajuan di dunia. Namun begitu, umat Islam tidak harus lupa bahawa kehidupan di dunia merupakan tempat untuk menguji tahap keimanan seseorang. Di dalam al-Quran dijelaskan: Bermaksud: Patutkah manusia menyangka bahawa mereka akan dibiarkan dengan hanya berkata: Kami beriman   sedangkan mereka tidak diuji (dengan sesuatu cubaan). Demi sesungguhnya kami telah menguji orang-orang yang terdahulu daripada mereka, maka (dengan ujian yang demikian), nyata apa yang diketahui Allah tentang orang-orang yang sebenar-benarnya beriman, dan nyata pula apa yang diketahuinya tentang orang-orang yang berdusta. Harus diingat, di dalam mengejar kepentingan keduniaan, Al-Quran memperingatkan umat manusia agar tidak terperangkap dengan nikmat-nikmat dunia. Ini jelas di dalam firman Allah s.w.t: Bermaksud: Katakanlah bahawa ( yang dikatakan ) kehidupan dunia itu tidak lain hanyalah ( bawaan hidup yang berupa semata-mata) permainan dan hiburan ( yang melalaikan ) serta perhiasan ( yang mengurang ) , juga ( bawaan hidup yang bertujuan ) bermegah-megah di antara kamu ( dengan kelebihan, kekuatan dan bangsa keturunan ) serta (berlumba-lumba memperbanyakkan harta benda dan anak pinak; semuanya itu terhad waktunya ) samalah seperti hujan yang ( menumbuhkan tanaman yang menghijau subur ) menjadikan penanamnya suka dan tertarik hati kepada kesuburannya, kemudian tanaman itu bergerak segar ( ke suatu masa yang tertentu ), selepas itu engkau melihatnya menjadi kuning, akhirnya ianya menjadi hancur bersepai, dan di akhirat ada azab yang berat ( disediakan bagi golongan yang hanya mengutamakan kehidupan di dunia itu ), dan ( ada pula ) keampunan besar serta keredhaan Allah ( disediakan bagi orang-orang yang mengutamakan akhirat ). Dan ( ingatlah bahawa ) kehidupan dunia ini tidak lain hanyalah kes enangan bagi orang-orang yang terpedaya. Al-Quran meletakkan hirarki kehidupan akhirat lebih baik daripada kehidupan dunia. Akhirat mesti dijadikan matlamat berserta dengan persediaan yang lengkap di dunia. Sebab itu al-Quran memberi amaran kepada mereka yang mementingkan dunia tanpa membuat persediaan untuk akhirat sebagaimana firman Allah s.w.t : bermaksud; Sesiapa yang keadaan usahanya semata-mata berkehendakkan kehidupan dunia dan perhiasannya   ( dengan tidak disaksikan sama oleh al-Quran tentang sah batalnya ), maka kami akan sempurnakan hasil usaha mereka di dunia, dan mereka tidak dikurangkan sedikitpun padanya. Merekalah orang-orang yang tiada baginya pada hari akhirat kelak selain daripada azab neraka, dan pada hari itu gugurlah apa yang mereka lakukan di dunia, dan batallah apa yang mereka telah kerjakan. Falsafah Tauhid dan Bidang Ekonomi Usaha-usaha kerajaan dalam aspek pembangunan ekonomi adalah selari dengan falsafah dan prinsip program Islam Hadhari. Ia bertujuan untuk melindungi ketidakadilan dalam pemerolehan, perkhidmatan dan penggunaan sumber alam, dengan memenuhi kepuasan manusia untuk melaksanakan tanggungjawab terhadap Allah s.w.t. dan masyarakat keseluruhannya. Keperluan kebendaaan dan kerohanian manusia hendaklah dipenuhi dalam bentuk yang bersepadu. Pendekatan ini memberi tempat yang utama kepada kesepaduan nilai etika dan moral dalam semua keperluan dan tindak-tanduk manusia termasuklah dalam beraktiviti ekonomi. Falsafah tauhid menganjurkan kesatuan dalam ilmu pengetahuan untuk mendidik manusia bagi kebahagiaan hidup (al-saadah) dan keredhaan Allah s.w.t.. llmu ekonomi dan yang berkaitan dengannya turut sama berperanan yang pada akhirnya mendukung martabat dan kemuliaan Islam. Penumpuan pembangunan dalam negara adalah secara bersepadu dan komprehensif dengan penekanan diberikan lebih kepada dimensi kerohanian di samping dimensi kebendaan tidak disisihkan. penghayatan akhlak Islam disertakan dalam semua urusan dan operasi ekonomi. Falsafah tauhid turut mengajar usaha mewujudkan semangat al-adl wa al-ihsan dalam menghayati urusan ekonomi, sesuai dengan firman Allah s.w.t.: yang bermaksud: Sesungguhnya Allah menyuruh berlaku adil, dan berbuat kebaikan, serta memberi bantuan kepada kaum kerabat; dan melarang daripada melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan yang keji dan mungkar serta kezaliman. Ia mengajar kamu (dengan suruhan dan laranganNya ini), supaya kamu mengambil peringatan mematuhiNya. (Surah al-Nahl: ayat 90) Tauhid juga mendidik manusia supaya sentiasa peka dalam perhubungan mereka dengan penciptaan dengan penggunaan sumber-sumber dengan secekap mingkin, tidak membazir, dan memperhitungkan akibat dari penggunaan sumber-sumber tersebut suoaya kebajikan dapat dijaga. Konsep dan Prinsip Ekonomi Seimbang dan Komprehensif Konsep pertama ialah konsep rububiyyah, yang menekankan sifat Allah s.w.t. sebagai Penguasa yang membuat peraturan dan bertujuan menjaga dan menampung kehidupan makhluk demi kabahagiaan dunia dan Akhirat. Sebagai Pencipta alam semesta ini, hanya Allah s.w.t. sahajakah yang mengerti perjalanan dan pengisian yang terbaik untuk alam dan makhluk-Nya. Lantaran itu segala peraturan da nsistem yang bersumberkan wahyu adalah demi keharmonian, keadilandan kesejahteraan hidup manusia. Dalam ekonomi Islam, terdapat konsep tazkiyah untuk membentuk kesucian jiwa dan ketinggian akhlak melalui pembersihan harta dengan mengeluarkan zakat dan bersedekah. Pembersihan jiwa juga dapat dibentuk dengan mengikis sifat bakhil dan kedekut, tamak haloba dan eksploitasi serta diganti dengan sifat pemurah dan dermawan, zuhd dan qanaah di samping kompromi dan pengagihan sama rata serta sikap saling bekerjasama dan membantu. Pembersihan interaksi dan kemanusiaan dapat diwujudkan dengan peluang-peluang sama rata dalam aktiviti ekonomi atas jalinan silaturrahim tanpa ada unsur-unsur pilih kasih ataupun kerana darjat. Keluhuran konsep ini menjadi natijah daripada pelaksanaan konsep rububiyyah. Segala aktiviti di dunia perlu dilihat dari segi nilai kini bagi natijah pada Hari Akhirat. Oleh sebab hidup di dunia ini berupa cubaan untuk menguji sesiapa yang terbaik amalannya, sama ada amalan keagamaan ataupun keduniaan, dan semua pemberiaan yang tersedia kepada manusia adalah dalam bentuk amanah, manusia bertanggungjawab kepada Allah s.w.t dan kejayaan pada hari Akhirat nanti bergantung kepada prestasinya di dunia. Kerana di dunia ini aktiviti ekonomi merupakan salah satu daripada unsur-unsurnya. Maka soal amanah dan kebertanggungjawaban tidak dapat lari dari dipersoalkan pada Hari Akhirat kelak.Manusia sebagai khalifah Allah merupakan pemegang amanah yang bererti memakmurkan dunia yang masih tidak terputus daripada hubungan dengan unsur-unsur tauhid dan rububiyyah. Tatacara perhubungan sesama manusia adalah asas satu unsur persaudaraan dan kesamaan. Ini akan mendorong kepada nilai-nilai murni dan merujuk keamanan sejagat. Juga harus diingat, dunia ini kepunyaan Allah s.w.t. H arta kepunyaan manusia bukanlah bersifat mutlak, bahkan ia menjadi ujian dan amanah Allah s.w.t Kesedaran pemilikan secara ini akan menjadikan manusia menguruskan pemilikannya secara yang diredhai oleh Allah s.w.t. Prinsip Ekonomi Kebebasan Terhad dan Menurut Nili-nillai Akhlak Islam tidak sahaja memberi kebebasan dalam bidang-bidang ekonomi tetapi ia juga memberi perlindungan terhadap apa yang telah diperoleh. Nilai-nilai akhlak dan sifat-sifat terpuji menjadi asas pengisian prinsip kebebasan. Segala amalan ekonomi yang bertentangan syariah Islamiah dianggap menyalahgunakan pengertian kebebasan.kebebasan. Oleh itu, amalan ekonomi tidak boleh menyalahi peraturan syari ah Islam. Hak Milik Swasta atau Awam Cara mendapat harta haruslah dengan jalan halal (bukan dengan melakukan amalan riba, penipuan, penindasan, rasuah, eksploitasi dan cara-cara lain yang bertentangan dengan Islam). Hasil pendapatan swasta ataupun persendirian hendaklah dikeluarkan zakat atau cukainya untuk sumbangan ke jalan Allah s.w.t. (seperti sedekah, pembinaan sekolah dan sebagainya). Dalam agihan milik swasta hendaklah dielakkan hal-hal yang boleh mengakibatkan perluasan jurang pendapatan dan membahayakan orang lain atau alam sekitar. Campur Tangan Pihak Pengguasa Syari ah Islamiah mengharuskan konsep campur tangan pihak pemerintah dalam kegiatan-kegiatan ekonomi, sama ada dalam bentuk pengurusan, penyusunan, agihan dan perancangan. Dengan kuasa politik di tangan pemerintah, ia berhak campur tangan dalam ekonomi Negara untuk melindungi dan menjamin kestabilan dan keadilan sosial, dengan syarat ia mesti bersandarkan syari ah. Pihak penguasa yang diberi kepercayaan oleh rakyat bertanggungjawab menjaga dan memelihara peraturan masyarakat secara akhusus untuk menegakkan keadilan Ilahi. Prinsip Keadilan Sosial Prinsip ini ialah asas yang dinamik untuk mengatur dan melaksanakan urusan ekonomi dalam sesebuah masyarakat. Kecemerlangan sistem ekonomi memerlukan sistem penyusunan kegiatan ekonomi yang berteraskan semangat keadilan. Semangat ini memberi ruang kepada semua individu untuk berfungsi secara positif dan optimis. Pengendalian ekonomi dan mekanisme kegiatan ekonomi mesti dapat menuju kea rah wujudnya keadilan ekonomi. Sesebuah Negara pula hendaklah dapat menyediakan keperluan hidup asasi individu melalui pencapaaian-pencapaian berikut: a. Pemeliharaan penghayatan keagamaan melalui penerapan nilai agama dalam semua urusan hidup. b. Menaikkan taraf daya berfikir masyarakat dan kualiti ilmu. c. Memberikan kebebasan dan jaminan perundangan kepada masyarakat supaya menyuarakan pendapat sesuai dengan prinsip shura. d. Jaminan dalam menentukan kebebasan kerjasama pihak swasta dan kerajaan, dalam ataupun luar Negara dalam usaha mengaktifkan modal dan mencetuskan kegiatan dan peluang ekonomi. e. Membina tamadun yang kukuh agar generasi mendatang terus mengecap kecemerlangan. Prinsip Kemuafakatan Islam menekankan semangat muafakat untuk mengurangkan pertelingkahan antara pasangan-pasangan unit ekonomi seperti majikan dengan pekerja, penjual dengan pembeli, pengeluar dengan pengguna, dan sebagainya dalam sistem ekonomi yang berasaskan tauhid. Ini kerana semua unit ekonomi tersebut mempunyai matlamat dan arah yang sama, iaitu mengabdikan diri kepada nilai keadilan dan muafakat yang dituntut oleh agama. Pendekatan ini sekeras-kerasnya menolak pendekatan hidup dalam sistem ideology secular sepertu yang terkandung di dalam falsafah struggle for existence. Islam menekankan cooperation for existence sebagai asas pegangan hidup yang bersesuaian dengan falsafah tauhid. Prinsip Istikhlaf Manusia ialah khalifah Allah di atas muka bumi ini dan pemegang amanah untuk memakmurkan dunia. Semia di dunia ini menjadi hak milik mutlak Allah s.w.t. dan dicipta untuk keprluan manusia. Manusia bertanggungjawab kepada Allah s.w.t. dan apa yang diusaha dan dimiliki. Prinsip ini menggariskan pemilikan harta hendaklah memalui cara yang diredhai Allah s.w.t. penggunaan harta untuk kebajikan pemiliknya dan juga masyarakat, juga melibatkan pengaliran harta dalam apa jua bidang ekonomi. Prinsip Bekerja dan Ganjaran Penglibatan dalam kegiatana ekonomi merupakan ibadah. Setiap penglibatan mestilah diberikan ganjaran yang setimpal. Pemerintah mestilah mewujudkan peluang pekerjaan kepada masyarakat. Riba pula terkeluar daripada prinsip ini kerana ia diperoleh tanpa usaha. Konsep kerja ini akan membawa kepada peningkatan taraf hidup masyarakat yang disertai dengan keadilan pengagihan harta dan kekayaan. Prinsip Keuntungan dan Kerugian Prinsip untung dan rugi adalah lumrah dalam muamalat Islam, bahkan ia juga menjadi asasnya. Berdasarkan prinsip ini, mekanisme seperti mudarabah dan mushakarah digalakkan dalam aktiviti ekonomi. Ia menjamin keadilan di samping menegaskan konsep saling memerlukan antara pengusaha dengan pemilik modal. Prinsip Menjauhkan Pembuatan Merosakkan Islam menganjurkan segala bentuk keruntuhan akhlak, kerosakan diri, kerosakan masyarakat, kepincangan keluarga dan kerosakan alam persekitaran hendaklah dijauhi dalam kegiatan berekonomi. Oleh itu, terdapat perkara-perkara yang diharamkan oleh Islam seperti penindasan, penipuan, pencurian, pencemaran alam, pembaziran dan sebagainya dalam sistem ekonomi Islam. Islam dan Perebutan Peluang Peningkatan Taraf Hidup Islam mengajarkan bahawa dalam melakukan amal ibadah dan menuju ke alam akhirat, dunia ini janganlah diabaikan. Dunia ini menjadi lading ataupun jambatan, manakala matlamat akhir segala aktiviti manusia adalah untuk kejayaan dan kebahagiaan di dunia ataupun akhirat. Firman Allah s.w.t.: Bermaksud: Dan carilah pada apa yang telah dianugerahkan Allah kepada kamu (kebahagiaan) di akhirat dan janganlah kamu melupakan bahagian kamu dari   (kenikmatan) duniawi dan berbuat baiklah (kepada orang lain) sebagaimana Allah telah berbuat baik kepadamu, dan janganlah kamu berbuat kerosakan di mukabumi. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak menyukai orang-orang yang berbuat kerosakan. [Surah Al-Qasas: 77] Islam juga mengajarkan kita agar merebut segenap peluang yang ada bagi memajukan diri, masyarakat, negara dan agama sebelum terlambat atau terlepas peluang-peluang itu. Dalam satu sabda Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. diperjelaskan yang maksudnya berbunyi: Rebutlah peluang lima keadaan sebelum datangnya lima yang lain keadaan mudamu sebelum datangnya keadaan tuamu, dan keadaan sihatmu sebelum datangnya keadaan sakitmu, dan keadaanmu dalam keberadaan sebelum datangnya keadaanmu berhajat, dan keadaan lapangmu sebelum datangnya keadaan sibukmu, dan keadaanmu masih hidup sebelum datangnya matimu. (Riwayat Al-Tirmizi) Malaysia sedang mengorak langkah untuk menjadi pusat perkhidmatan kewangan Islam global yang mampu bersaing di persada kewangan antarabangsa. Kita bermula dengan penubuhan Bank Islam Berhad dan kita sedang menuju ke suatu arah yang jelas untuk dicontohi oleh negara lain terutamanya dalam aspek kewangan, perbankan dan ekonomi Islam. Malaysia kini sedang menjadi perhatian negara-negara Islam lain dan menjadi contoh untuk diambil pengajaran oleh negara-negara lain. Bukan sahaja dalam aspek ekonomi Islam kita sedang dipelajari, bahkan Malaysia merupakan peneraju kepada Pertubuhan Persidangan Islam (OIC) yang mana YAB Perdana Menteri adalah pengerusinya. Kita juga adalah negara Islam contoh dan kita juga adalah model negara Islam bermasyarakat berbilang kaum dan mempunyai pelbagai agama. Kejayaan negara kita mengekalkan kestabilan dan keharmonian antara kaum adalah satu rekod yang perlu kita pertahankan dengan kompleksiti kepelbagaian kaum. Dasar-dasar sedia ada di negara kita telah terbukti dan mampu mempertahankan rekod kejayaan keharmonian perpaduan antara kaum yang cukup baik. Kita juga berharap semoga rakyat semua akan dapat bersama Islam Hadhari bagi merealisasikan pemupukan integrasi nasional dan meningkatkan tahap kesetiaan kita kepada negara dan kepatuhan kita kepada undang-undang dan perlembagaan negara. ISLAM HADHARI DAN PERSPEKTIF PENGURUSAN NEGARA ISLAM SERTA PEMBANGUNAN BERSEPADU Pembangunan bersepadu ialah pembangunan yang berasaskan kesepaduan iman, akhlak, kerohanian dan kebendaan. Ilmu-ilmu dan objektif yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan, negara, kemasyarakatan dan manusia tidak dipisah-pisahkan antara satu sama lain. Pembangunan bersepadu juga bersangkutan dengan pembangunan insan yang berpegang pada prinsip-prinsip peraturan Allah dalam hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan, manusia sesama manusia, manusia dengan alam sekitar dan manusia dengan makhluk-makhluk ciptaan Allah. Dalam konteks ini juga, manusia sebenarnya adalah pemegang amanah Allah. Dunia ini adalah amanah Allah untuk dimanfaatkan dan dimakmurkan mengikut ketentuan yang Allah perintahkan. Usaha-usaha manusia harus dilakukan mengikut landasan-landasan yang ditetapkan oleh Allah s.w.t.. Islam memberikan perhatian yang serius kepada pembangunan insan berbanding dengan pembangunan-pembangunan lain kerana di tangan insanlah terletaknya inisiatif dan perlaksanaan membangunkan bidang-bidang lain. Secara dasarnya, apabila baik (muhsin, muslih, soleh) insan itu maka baiklah juga perlaksanaannya menurut tuntutan Islam. Walau bagaimanapun, ini tidaklah boleh diertikan Islam sebagai mengenepikan pembangunan-pembangunan lain. Islam juga mementingkan pembangunan material, negara, masyarakat dan keluarga. Justeru itu, bidang-bidang ini mesti disepadukan dengan pembangunan insan tadi.   Taqwa merupakan ciri terpenting yang patut terdapat dalam pembangunan. Pembangunan bertaqwa ialah pembangunan yang menjuruskan hati, perasaan dan matlamat kehidupan untuk mematuhi titah perintah Allah s.w.t. dan menjauhi larangannya. Taqwa merupakan paksi pembangunan perspektif Islam. Setiap perbuatan dinilai baik-buruknya berdasarkan neraca Allah s.w.t. dan bukannya manusia. Firman Allah s.w.t.: Perbandingan syurga yang dijanjikan untuk orang yang bertaqwa itu ialah mengalir air sungai di bawahnya, makanannya tidak habis-habis, begitu juga naunganNya. Begitulah kesudahannya orang yang bertaqwa, dan kesudahan orang yang kafir itu ialah api neraka. Menurut Islam, Allah telah melantik manusia sebagai khalifahNya di atas muka bumi ini. Manusia diberikan beberapa kualiti untuk mentadbir dunia dan hal ehwalnya, diberikan tanggungjawab dan amanah untuk memenuhi tuntutan-tuntutan Allah dengan bentuk fizikal yang terbaik dan bersesuaian.   Justeru itu, pembalasan-pembalasan baik dan buruk akan diberikan oleh Allah s.w.t. berkenaan dengan perlaksanaan tuntutan-tuntutan Allah tadi. Manusia akan dipersoalkan oleh Allah di Akhirat kelak untuk segala aktiviti-aktivitinya yang dijalankan di atas dunia ini. Manusia patut menggunakan seluruh keupayaan akal dan potensinya untuk mendapatkan keredhaan Allah s.w.t. Ringkasnya, segala tenaga dan keupayaannya patut ditumpukan pada membangunkan dunia ini menurut kehendak Allah s.w.t. mengikut cara yang dikehendaki olehNya. Manusia patut bersedia menjawab persoalan-persoalan yang akan ditanya oleh Allah s.w.t. di akhirat kelak berkenaan dengan dirinya, keluarga, jiran, masyarakat, aktiviti ekonomi, pekerjaan, pendidikan, perundangan, penguatkuasaan undang-undang, urusan pemerintahan, negara, peperangan dan sebagainya. Kejayaan sebenar(Al-Falah) dan pembangunan hanya akan dapat diraih sekiranya manusia memberikan sepenuh tumpuan kehidupannya untuk menjawab persoalan-persoalan ini.  Ã‚   Misi para Nabi adalah mensucikan diri manusia dalam proses-proses pembangunan yang dialami oleh manusia. Konsep (Tazkiyyah) mengambil kira penyucian manusia dalam hubungan-hubungan manusia-Tuhan, manusia sesama manusia, manusia-makhluk dan manusia-alam sekitar. Konsep ini akan mengharmonikan kesejahteraan alam semesta dan manusia dan mempertingkatkan hubungan-hubungan di atas untuk mencapai kejayaan di dunia dan di akhirat. Pembangunan dalam Islam berasaskan Tauhid iaitu hanya Allah s.w.t. dan tiada lainnya yang menjadi dasar keyakinan, objektif hidup dan motivasi memajukan kehidupan, usaha dan perbuatan. Berasaskan paradigma tauhid, segala aktiviti manusia didasarkan kepada otoriti Allah s.w.t. kerana Allahlah sahaja yang mempunyai otoriti mutlak menganugerahkan sesuatu atau menarik balik nikmat itu. Justeru itu, segala aspek berkaitan dengan pembangunan itu mestilah dilandasi mengikut kehendakNya. Islam menganjurkan keseimbangan (al-Tawazun) antara tuntutan dunia dan akhirat. Keseimbangan juga dituntut antara pembangunan rohani dan jasmani, sprituil dan material, akal dan nafsu. Persoalan pembangunan seimbang akan membawa kita kepada persoalan nilai antara dua elemen asas dalam keseimbangan pembangunan menurut perspektif Islam. Tuntutan dunia dan akhirat mestilah berdasarkan kriteria marufat (baik) dan munkarat (buruk atau keji). Pembangunan material haruslah diseimbangkan dengan pembangunan spiritual. Inilah yang dimaksudkan oleh Allah s.w.t. berkaitan dengan pembangunan negara iaitu negara yang aman makmur mendapat pengampunan Tuhannya(Baldatun taiyyibatun wa rabbun Ghafur). Pembangunan berakhlak ialah pembangunan yang berasaskan misi agung Rasulallah s.a.w. iaitu misi menyempurnakan akhlak yang mulia. Pembangunan berakhlak akan memanifestasikan objektif akhlak itu terancang, tersusun dan terbangun mengikut akhlak Islam. Terdapat sebuah hadis yang memperingatkan tentang akhlak yang boleh dijadikan sandaran perlaksanaan pembangunan berakhlak. Sabda Rasulallah s.a.w. yang maksudnya seperti berikut: Tiga perkara yang menyelamatkan, iaitu takut pada Allah ketika bersendirian dan dikhalayak ramai, berlaku adil pada ketika suka dan marah, berjimat cermat ketika susah dan senang dan tiga perkara yang membinasakan iaitu mengikut hawa nafsu, terlampau bakhil dan kekaguman seseorang terhadap dirinya sendiri. (Riwayat Abu Syeikh) Keadilan merupakan merupakan salah satu daripada ciri-ciri pembangunan berakhlak. Adil bermaksud meletakkan sesuatu pada tempatnya. Maka pembangunan yang adil ialah pembangunan yang dilakukan bersesuaian dengan tempatnya dalam konteks bernegara, bermasyarakat dan berkeluarga. Manafaat pembangunan mestilah boleh dikecapi secara sama rata sama ada Islam dan bukan Islam, tanpa ada sikap pilih kasih, kronisme, atau sentimen keturunan, bangsa, darjat atau kelas. Penjurusan faedah-faedah ekonomi mestilah ditumpukan ke arah kelompok-kelompok masyarakat yang memerlukan berbanding dengan yang tidak.  Ã‚   YAB Dato Seri Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi] menjelaskan: Adalah perlu diteliti semula pelbagai pendekatan dan kaedah untuk diperkemaskan supaya lebih seimbang dan menyeluruh, merangkumi pembangunan prasarana dan pembangunan ekonomi, diperkukuhkan dengan pembangunan manusia melalui program pendidikan yang komprehensif, diperlengkap pula dengan program pembangunan rohani untuk menyemaikan nilai-nilai murni dan menerapkan nilai-nilai Islam dalam kehidupan. (Ucapan Dasar Presiden UMNO dlm Perhimpunan Agung UMNO 2004 di Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur). Pembangunan berlestari, berhati-hati, mengelakkan pembaziran, kemewahan yang negatif dan perkara-perkara yang tidak berfaedah merupakan tuntutan Islam. Pembangunan haruslah terancang dan mengambil kira kemampuan kewangan negara. Pembangunan yang cenderung untuk mengisi kecenderungan hawa nafsu bukanlah pembangunan yang dituntut oleh Islam.  Ã‚   Pembangunan juga bukanlah alat untuk menonjolkan keangkuhan. Semuanya adalah kurnia Allah jua dengan kehendak dan iradahNya. Dalam konteks ini, konsep syukur merupakan salah satu ciri pembangunan berakhlak. Syukur dikira sebagai tanda terima kasih di atas anugerah Allah s.w.t. dan redha dengan sebarang ketentuanNya. Berterima kasih kepada manusia pula tidak seharusnya melebihiberterima kasih kepada Allah kerana anugerah nikmat itu hanyalah hak Allah. Berterima kasih kepada Allah bukan sahaja dilipatgandakan oleh Allah nikmat-nikmatnya di dunia ini bahkan di akhirat kelak. Kufur nikmat atau tidak melakukan cara bersyukur yang betul apabila menerima sesuatu nikmat atau imbuhan akan mendapat balasan buruk dan azab Allah s.w.t.. Firman Allah s.w.t.: Bermaksud: Demi sesungguhnya sekiranya kamu bersyukur, nescaya Aku akan tambahkan nikmatKu kepada kamu dan sekiranya kamu kufur, sesungguhnya azabKu amatlah keras. Menyentuh soal pembangunan berakhlak, kita tidak akan dapat lari daripada soal disiplin dan semangat ketekunan juga. Mana-mana pembangunan pun tidak akan dapat tercapai tanpa menyentuh soal ketekunan dan disiplin diri. Pembinaan ketamadunan manusia menyentuh soal ketekunan dan berkerja kuat.   Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. bersabda: Sesungguhnya Allah s.w.t. menyukai apabila seseorang kamu bekerja dia melakukannya dengan tekun. [Riwayat Abu Daud) Masyarakat yang membangun ialah masyarakat yang bekerja kuat dan ini meningkatkan produktiviti serta memberi kesan yang positif. Justeru itu, pembangunan sambil lewa, lemah perancangan dan tindakan, malas dan curi tulang bukanlah pembangunan dalam ruang lingkup akhlak Islam. Menurut pandangan Islam, harta adalah satu keperluan dan bukannya matlamat. Harta dikira sebagai rezeki daripada Allah maka ia hendaklah dibersihkan dengan mengeluarkan zakat. Ia juga dianggap sebagai satu amanah, maka ia hendaklah diperolehi dan dibelanjakan mengikut tuntutan Islam. Kualiti pembangunan menurut Islam adalah gabungan daripada pembangunan bersepadu, seimbang dan berakhlak. Inilah merupakan perbezaan ketara pembangunan perspektif Islam dan pembangunan Barat. Pembangunan berihsan juga di perlukan dalam konteks pembangunan negara. Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan pembangunan berihsan ialah pembangunan yang dianggap segala tindakan dan perlaksanaan di dalamnya sentiasa di bawah pemantauan Allah s.w.t.. Oleh kerana pembangunan yang menjurus kepada mendapatkan keredhaan Allah s.w.t. dianggap sebagai ibadah, maka pembangunan berihsan menepati konsep ihsan yang menjelaskan bahawa kamu menyembah Allah seolah-olah kamu melihatNya, sekiranya kamu tidak melihatNya, maka sesungguhnya Allah melihat kamu. Di dalam hadith yang lain berkenaan ihsan, Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. bersabda: Allah telah mewajibkan ihsan pada setiap sesuatu Allah mewajibkan kita berbuat kebaikan dalam setiap pekerjaan yang kita lakukan. Dalam konteks pembangunan, konsep ihsan harus diaplikasikan dalam setiap perancangan dan perlaksanaannya yang mengambil kira keperluan dan mereka yang memerlukan, ihsan terhadap sesama manusia, ihsan terhadap makhluk dan alam sekitar. Etika Dalam Pembangunan Di dalam Islam, pembangunan tidak akan mempunyai sebarang erti seandainya pembangunan yang dimaksudkan hanyalah berunsurkan material semata-mata. Bahkan pembangunan yang berunsurkan material merupakan asas utama dalam falsafah pembinaan pembangunan dan tamadun Barat.  Ã‚   Di sini dibawa satu kisah daripada al-Quran berkenaan kaum Ad yang menikmati pembangunan yang cukup pesat dan maju pada zaman mereka. Mereka dikurniakan bangunan rumah-rumah di tanah mendatar yang dipahat dari gunung, tanah yang cukup subur, ternakan yang membiak dengan senang dan taman-taman yang indah-indah. Maknanya mereka dianugerahkan Allah kemakmuran dan kesenangan hidup yang tiada taranya pada zaman itu. Namun demikian, mereka tidak menyembah Allah s.w.t.. Yang disembah ialah patung dan berhala. Nabi Hud a.s. diutus untuk berdakwah kepada mereka dengan ajakan agar beriman kepada Allah s.w.t. yang mencipta mereka dan menganugerahkan kemakmuran itu kepada mereka. Allahlah sahaja yang layak disembah dan disyukuri. Dalam dakwahnya juga, Nabi Hud telah menjelaskan betapa mereka telah meletakkan diri mereka ke lembah kehinaan dengan menyembah patung berhala yang tidak dapat memberi apa-apa faedah dan keburukan kepada mereka bahkan mereka telah meletakkan diri mereka sebagai makhluk mulia di sisi Allah s.w.t. serendah-rendahnya. Mesej yang ingin disampaikan di sini ialah betapa pembangunan itu adalah anugerah Allah s.w.t. jua dan ia mestilah disyukuri dan pembangunan itu apabila diteliti betul-betul adalah dengan izin Allah jua. Justeru itu ia juga adalah merupakan tanda-tanda kebesaran dan keagungan Allah s.w.t. bagi orang-orang yang berfikir dan meningkatkan keimanan kepada Allah s.w.t.. Kemuliaan penciptaan manusia mestilah dibuktikan dengan keimanan kepada Allah sebenar-benarnya dengan cara menjunjung titah perintahnya d